வீடற்றவன் என்ற நாவலை தீர்க்கதரிசனமாகத்தான் அவர் எழுதினாரே தெரியவில்லை
அவரது அலுவலக அறை இன்று ஒரு குடும்பத்தின் சமையலறையõக காட்சியளிக்கின்றது.
எந்த தொழிலாளர் வர்க்கத்திற்காக இவர் கவி படைத்தாரோ அதே தேயிலைச்செடிகளுக்கு மத்தியில் கைவிடப்பட்ட நிலையில் புற்கள் மண்டி தோற்றமளிக்கிறது சி.வியின் கல்லறை
மலையகத்தின் விடிவுக்காய் குரல் கொடுத்தவர்கள் பலர் இன்று மறக்கப்பட்டு வருவது ஒன்றும் புதிய விடயமல்ல. எனினும் பெருந்தோட்டப்பகுதி வாழ் தொழிலாளர்களின் இன்னல்கள் சோகங்களை இலங்கையைத்தாண்டி வெளிஉலகுக்கு தனது அற்புதமான படைப்புக்கள் மூலம் கொண்டு வந்தவர் மூத்த இலக்கியவாதி மக்கள் கவிமணி சி.வி.வேலுப்பிள்ளை ஆவார். செப்டெம்பர் 14 ஆம் திகதி அவரின் 95 ஆவது பிறந்த நாள் நினைவு தினமாகும். படைப்பிலக்கியம்,அரசியல், தொழிற்சங்கம் என பன்முக ஆளுமை நிறைந்த ஒரு அற்புதமான மனிதர் வாழ்ந்து மறைந்த சுவடே தெரியாமல் அமைதியாக இருக்கிறது அவர் பிறந்து வாழ்ந்த வட்டகொடை மடக்கும்பரை தோட்டம். மலையகமும் அதே நிலையில் தான் இருக்கின்றது என்பதை சொல்லித்தெரியவேண்டியதில்லை. வீடற்றவன் என்ற நாவலை தீர்க்கதரிசனமாகத்தான் அவர் எழுதினாரே தெரியவில்லை இறுதியில் அவர் வாழ்ந்து மறைந்த வீட்டிலிருந்தே அவரின் குடும்பத்தினரை வெளியேற்றியது தோட்ட நிர்வாகம்.இன்று அவர் வாழ்ந்து மறைந்த வீட்டின் நிலைமையை வார்த்தைகளால் வர்ணிக்க முடியாது.
எந்த சமூகத்திற்காக தனது வாழ்க்கையை அர்ப்பணித்து வாழ்ந்து மறைந்தாரோ அவர்கள் மத்தியில் அவர் பேசப்படாது இருப்பதை ஜீரணிக்கமுடியவில்லை. அவர் மண்ணில் பிறந்தவன் என்ற அடையாளப்படுத்தல்களுக்கும் அப்பாற்பட்டு ஒரு உயர்ந்த இலட்சிய நோக்கத்தில் தனது வாழ்வை அர்ப்பணித்து வாழ்ந்து மறைந்த அந்த உன்னத மனிதரின் இல்லம் நோக்கிச்சென்றேன். அவர் வாழ்ந்த காலகட்டத்தில் பங்களாவாக காட்சியளித்த அந்த குடியிருப்பு இன்று பல தனித்தனி குடும்பங்களின் வாழ்விடமாக விளங்கியது. இங்கு குடியிருந்த மனிதரைப்பற்றி உங்களுக்குத்தெரியுமா என்றால் உதட்டை பிதுக்குகின்றனர். வீட்டினுள்ளே நுழைந்தால் அதிர்ச்சி மேல் அதிர்ச்சி. சி.வி வாழ்ந்த வீடா இது ? அவரது அலுவலக அறை இன்று ஒரு குடும்பத்தின் சமையலறையõக காட்சியளிக்கின்றது. பெருந்தோட்டப்பகுதிகளில் விறகு மற்றும் பழைய பொருட்கள் வைக்கும் இடமான அட்டாலில் விறகுகள் நிறைந்து கிடக்கின்றன.
அதைத்தாண்டி அவரின் உறங்கும் அறைக்குச்சென்று பார்த்தால் சுவரில் வெடிப்புகள் விழுந்து இருட்டறையாக காட்சியளிக்கின்றது. மலையக சமூகத்திற்கு வெளிச்சம் கிடைக்க போராடிய பேனா போராளியின் சிந்தனைகள் இந்த அறையில் தான் தோற்றம் பெற்றதோ? சரி அவர் பாவித்த பொருட்கள் தளபாடங்கள் எல்லாம் எங்கே என்று விசாரித்தால் அவரின் குடும்பத்தை இவ்வீட்டிலிருந்து வெளியேற்றும் நடவடிக்கையின் போது அவை தூக்கி எறியப்பட்டன என்றும் அச்சந்தர்ப்பத்தில் ஒவ்வொருவரும் அதை தமது வீட்டிற்கு எடுத்துச்சென்றனர் என்றும் கூறினர். ஒரு சிலரோ அவரது ஆவணங்களை உறவினர்கள் தலைநகருக்கு எடுத்துச்சென்றனர் என்று கூறினர். மற்றுமொருவர் இன்னுமொரு தகவலை சொன்னார். சி.வி பாவித்த மேசையும் அலுமாரியும் அருகில் ஒரு வீட்டில் இருப்பதாகக்கூறினார். ஓடோடிச்சென்றேன் அவ்வீட்டிற்கு , ஒரு அறையில் சி.வி பாவித்த மேசையும் அலுமாரியும் காணக்கிடைத்தன.மேசையை வாஞ்சையுடன் வருடிப்பார்க்கும் போது புல்லரித்தது. தனது படைப்புப்பொக்கிஷங்களை சிருஷ்டிப்படுத்த உதவிய மேசை அல்லவா இது ? அருகில் உடைந்து விழும் நிலையில் அவரது அலுமாரி. பெரும் துயரத்துடன் அங்கிருந்து வெளியேறினேன். அடுத்ததாக நான் சென்ற இடம் மக்கள் கவிஞன் மண்ணுள் உறைகின்ற இடமாகும்.
புழுதிப் படுக்கையில் புதைந்த
என் மக்களைப்போற்றும்
இரங்கற் புகழ் மொழி இல்லை
ஊணையும் உடலையும் ஊட்டி
இம் மண்ணை உயிர்த்த வர்க்கு
இங்கே உளங்கசிந்த அன்பும்
பூணுவாரில்லைஅவர்புதைமேட்டிலோர் கானகப்பூவைப்பறித்துப்போடுவாரில்லை
என்ற வரிகள் தான் ஞாபகத்திற்கு வந்தன. தேயிலைச்செடிகள் மத்தியில் தனது வாழ்க்கையை தொலைத்த எந்த தொழிலாளர் வர்க்கத்திற்காக இவர் கவி படைத்தாரோ அதே தேயிலைச்செடிகளுக்கு மத்தியில் கைவிடப்பட்ட நிலையில் புற்கள் மண்டி தோற்றமளிக்கிறது சி.வியின் கல்லறை.
தன்னை மறைக்கத்தானோ அவ்விறைவனும்தளிர் பசும் புல்லால் தரை மறைத்தனனோ என்ற அவரது வரிகளில் எந்தளவிற்கு உண்மை இருக்கிறது என்பது இங்கு வந்து பார்த்தால் புரிகிறது.
சி.வி.வேலுப்பிள்ளை காலமாகி எதிர்வரும் நவம்பர் 19 ஆம் திகதியோடு 25 வருடங்கள் நிறைவுறுகின்றன. அவரது இல்லத்தை நினைவாலயமாக்கி அவர் பாவித்த பொருட்களை சேகரித்து அங்கு காட்சிப்படுத்த வேண்டும் என்று ஆங்காங்கே சிலர் அவ்வப்போது புலம்புவதோடு சரி அவர் வாழ்ந்த வீட்டையும் அவரது கல்லறையையும் எட்டிக்கூட பார்க்க எவரும் வருவதில்லை.
வாடிய ரோசா மலரிதழ் போல வாடியே
அன்னார்வாழ்க்கை கழிந்தது
என்ற அவரது கவி வரிகளை அவருக்கே சமர்ப்பணம் செய்து விட்டு அவரது கல்லறைக்கு அஞ்சலி செய்து அவ்விடம் விட்டு நகர்ந்தேன்.
at 9:25 PM Posted by சிவலிங்கம் சிவகுமாரன்
Expose the problems of srilankan upcountry tamil people to the world.Currently this population is under privileged and denied basic human rights.Even being permanent residents for a period of 175 years, very resantly only (in 1985) they had given citizenship and voting rights.This people needs to be helped.Since 1992 the entire population re gained citizenship and voting rights,but,they are not govern by parliament or other local government authorities..
Pages
POPULATION
Entire population of indian origin upcountry tamil people is currently estimated as 1.5 millian. out of this .75 millian people live outside tea estates and elswhere in the country.only 50% of the people live and work at tea estates and this containes of 3800 families.in 1950 ,six decades ago 90% of above population lived and dependants of tea estates . because of lower wage and poor living conditions people are try to find works outside tea estats and distracted from tea industry.if this tendancy continues in for another five decades there going to be hardley any single workers family going to be left inside in a tea estate.
a tea estate with dwelings
it is so cold
sun set pictures near galle
perspective
workers children.....it is difficult to smile
Friday, July 30, 2010
EDUCATION OF INDIAN MINORITIES IN SRI LANKA
EDUCATION OF
INDIAN MINORITIES
IN SRI LANKA
Professor S.sandarasegaran
Dean,
faculty of education
university of colombo
sri lankan educational policy makers concentrated their attempts since 1940 to enhance the educational levels for the disadvantaged sections of sri lankan society. Their reforms mainly reached these sections and left out the Indian minorities who became stateless people as a result of the discriminatory citizenship law of 1948.since 1977 things began to change after gradual integration of the plantation sector schools predominantly Indian with the national mainstream improvement were spectacular in respect of primary education literacy rates,female participation and drop –out rates .this progress was not matched by similar improvement at the secondary level and in higher education. There is a definite need to formulate new policies to accommodate Indian minorities in the field of higher education where the admission policy is very prohibitive.
The Indian Tamil community in Sri Lanka constitutes about 6 per cent of the total population which is equal to about one million. They are identified as up country Tamils, Tamils of Recent or Indian Origin and or plantation Tamils. Out of an estimated number of 1.3 million Indian Origin Tamils IOT at least 85 per cent of them still live and work in the tea plantation districts of Nuwara Eliya, Badulla, Kandy, Ratnapura, Matale,Kegalle, Kalutara and Monaragala some 100,000 people are settled down in the war-torn northern and eastern districts there is also a small concentration of IOT in the Colombo district comprising about 2.0 per cent of the population.
The Indian migrants were confined to the plantation which constituted a world cut off from the Sinhalese majority heartland. They preserved their distinct religious and linguistic culture. Plantation hierarchy,with its authoritarian structure,discouraged any assimilative process that would bring the Indian labour into any interaction which the Sinhalese majority. Except for a small proportion of 15 per cent involved in some commercial activities and occupations such as clerk, salesman and teacher, the remaining 85 per cent of the IOT are mostly plantation workers, living in non-urban areas of the country.
The Indian labour of the plantation industry had benefited by labour legislation enacted by the colonial Government which provided a variety of welfare measures these measures were introduced because of a need to satisfy the Government of India which was expressing concern over the plight of her immigrant workers in Sri Lanka. It was also a prudent gesture which could ensure a regular and smooth supply of labour to the estates and accounted for the solicitude shown by the government towards Indian labour on the plantations. As a part of these welfare measures, the plantation management was required to establish schools for the benefit of the plantation children. Primary education was made compulsory for these children.
The welfare measures which included free education and medical facilities were rudimentary in nature. A minimum wage ordinance of 1927 was another noteworthy welfare measure. The welfare measures and benefits that the Indian labour received were, at the time which srilankan workers elsewhere were not, entitled to receive. The indigenous workers not catered for and the politicians of srilanka were critical of the privileged position accorded to the Indian labour and the elementary welfare measures introduced by the colonial government.
In 1948 independent srilanka framed its own laws in regard to citizenship and the franchise. Under the citizenship acts of 1948 and 1949 only 134,000 out of a total of 825,000 indians were admitted to citizenship, approximately 16.2 per cent of the total. Te rest were declared stateless without voting rights. The disenfranchisement of this community contributed greatly to a sense of isolation, inferiority and ambiguous identity. Citizenship in srilanka ensure is pre – requisite for free tertiary education, the contact of business and trade, for securing employment and travel documents and for many other activities. Lake of srilankan citizenship for a period of four decades since 1948 had a very adverse impact on the Indian tamil community which had to lag behind other communities in social, economics, political, cultural and educational development.
The problem of stateless IOT continued for a period of four decades until it was tackled why two agreements (1964 and 1974) between the government of India and srilanka and the citizenship act of 1988. India agreed to the repatriation of 600,000 persons and as a result of subsequent repatriation, Indian tamils’ share of srilanka’s total population dropped from 10 percent to 6 percent between 1971 – 1981. srilanka had agreed to absorb only 375,000. another citizenship at was passed in 1988 under which all stateless Indians could submit and affidavit to obtain srilankan citizenship. This act shorted out the problems of citizenship by accepting all the stateless percent who did not apply for Indian citizenship under the pervious India – lanka agreements of 1964 and 1974. these acts and policy changes in regard to statelessness and citizenship enable the Indian migrant community to become formidable force in the political arena of Sri Lanka, specially in the later part of the 1980’s and early 1990’s. the Indian tamils and there trade union and political organization (Ceylon workers congress) sided with the united national party (UNP). Massive constituency of the Indian tamil community effectively delivered the UNP to power as it could do subequently in the presidential election of 1988 and the parliamentary election 1989. in exchange for this support of the UNP, Thondaman, leader of the CWC, obtained a series of concessions on citizenship and on education. Between 1977 and 1994 thondaman negotiated with a number of ministers of education on matters educational pertaining to the Indian tamil community. These attempts led to the integration of the educational provision of the plantation community with that of the main stream. Against this background, it may be important to:
a. Narrate briefly the backwardness and disadvantageous position of the educational level of the Indian tamil community;
b. Identify the favorable and unfavorable conditions and factors which influenced the educational provision of the Indian tamil community and some of the recent trends in the education provision of this community; and
c. Identify major areas of short comings in respects of schools educational and higher education
Early backwardness and recent progress in Education
Sri Lanka’s studies on disadvantaged groups very often cite the Indian plantation Tamils as an example of ethnic minority groups regarded as being disadvantaged in economic levels, educational achievement, housing and health facilities. Education, within the plantation sector. Remained out side the national system of education and was left largely in the hands of the plantation owners. According to them, the state school was no more than a child care centre when the adults are at work. The British companies that manage the plantation system did not encourage schooling, and the grates in those schools extended only up to primary level. Agitation in Britain and India for the provision of educational facilities for the plantation workers led to the enactment of ordinances of 1905,1920 and 1947. until gradual state take over of schools since 1977, the plantation sector schools for the responsibility of the plantation management. Most schools for single – teacher schools and the pupil – teacher ratio was often 1:100. most of the teachers were only secondary qualified but without any pedagogic training. Some of them worked as part time clerks in the estate office.
Instead of the primary level national curriculum, only the three “R” s were taught. The buildings were generally in a dilapidated condition without protection from unfavorable climatic conditions.
For further education, children had to travel to distant Tamil schools. The better schools, outside the estate sector, were inaccessible to these children due to distance and barriers of language. Most of the better schools in the plantation areas were sinhala schools where the language of the Indian Tamils was not the medium of instruction. According to one estimate, only 4% of the primary school lowers proceeded to the secondary level of education provided by the town schools in 1960.
In Sri Lanka, the political commitment to democratize education since 1945 was seen in the liberal financing allocation made for education as part of a welfare oriented measure that was expected to help the disadvantaged communities and reduce socio – economic inequalities. The share of education in the GNP increased to almost 5% in 1970 and educational expenditure as a proportion of the national budget fluctuated between 14%and 16% in the 1960’s. Free education, national languages as media of instruction, free issue of school text books and uniforms, scholarships for children from low income groups expansion of schools to rural areas where some of the measures introduced by Sri Lanka to promote the principal of quality of opportunities in education. These developments and measures did not reach the plantation community in view of the absences for a concerted policy to enhance its educational levels. As a results of these measures, Sri Lanka reach educational standards almost similar to that of any another country of the developed world.
Achievement in respect of school education in Sri Lanka could be summarized. In 1991, of 5.7 million children in the age group 5 -19 years, 4.2 million were in schools. Nearly 75 per cent of the total population below 19 is in school. School participation rates and literacy rates reach the upper eighties in 1995 (national education commission 1995).
- The number of Schools increase from 5487 in 1950 to 10,231 in 1988 and 10,120 in 1997.
- Literacy rates increased from 57.8 per cent in 1945 to 78.2 per cent in 1980 in the urban sector the rates reached 92.3 per cent in 1991.
- At the turn of the century, the national literacy rate for female was only 9 per cent. By 1991, it reached 83 per cent.
- One of the main achievements of the system is that there is no gender this discrimination in the school system at any level. A ratio of 50.25% males to 49.8% females has been maintained in the schools for nearly to decades, in some of the classes and could notice the predominance of girls. According to 1991 schools census, for every 100 males there were more girls in standerds 8,9,10,11, and 12
- The net enrolment of children of five years of age increased to 97.9 per cent in 1991. in 1981 the ratio was 89.7 % by 2000. virtually every child in this age group will be in school if the current plans in education for all are implemented. Regulations have already been framed under the education ordinance. No.31 of 1939 compelling parents to send their children to school.
******
These achievements in respect of education development are noteworthy but this does not reveal the intra – national this disparities prevailing in the system. Educational provision and achievement of the Indian Tamil community have been some what at a lower level in view of the fact that the members of the community as a whole were plantation workers who could not enjoy benefits of the democratization process of education which began in late 1940’s educational indicators pertaining to this community reveal a different picture when compared with other section of the Sri Lanka society.
Literacy rates are significantly lower in the plantation sector (68.1%) in comparison to the urban (92.8%) and the rural (89.2%) sector (1987) improvement in female literacy rates at national level is impressive (55.6% in 1953 and 83.4% in 1990). But in the plantation sector 52% of the women are illiterate (1982) Recent data for the year 1996/97 reveal the continuity of this disparity between estate and other sectors.
Improvement in the educational provision during the period 1986 – 1996 contributed towards an increase of literacy Rates in the plantation sector. But still the disparity among different sectors continues.
Date pertaining to the percentages distribution of the Sri Lanka population by educational level and sectors indicate the relative backwardness of the sector in terms of educational level. Accordingly in 1953, 1963, 1973 and 1978 -79, more than 50 per cent of the plantation population was classified as with ‘No schooling’ where as the all – island percentages were for below that of the plantation sector
All – island figures indicate the relative backwardness of the plantation sector population which as a large segment of population (90% - 96%) which is either illiterate or primary educated. Not with standing this backwardness gradual improvement of the educational level of the community over period of three decades, is also indicated in the table nevertheless, education beyond primary level appears to have deteriorated further during the period 1950 – 1980. Educational attainment in the urban and rural sectors was relatively higher than that of the estate sector in respect of all the three levels of education attainment of Education by sectors 1996-97
The index of education attained by sectors given in the consumer finance survey of 1973 indicates that the estate sector. Which had the lowest level of education in 1963, had progressed only slightly, consequently increasing the backwardness of this sector in educational attainment relative to the rural sector. Recent data pertaining to educational attainment revealed a steady improvement in the educational attainment in all sectors including the plantations. This improvement ,again could be attributed to better infrastructural conditions for education in the plantation sector provided by the funds obtained from international assistance.
In addition the number of students or the rate of enrolment in formal education of the population aged 5 and above in 1996-97 showed only marginal differences among sectors, reflecting the recent development in the availability of educational opportunities. A definite improvement in enrolment in the plantation sector could be observed and this is a clear indication of the expansion of social infrastructure in recent years.
The plantation sector education level is very significant in view of the following:
- For the first time in the history of education of this community, its performance in respect of students in formal education has almost reached national average and that of other sectors in 1997 (National average 27.3% ; Estate sector 27.0%)
- Substantial progress could be observed during the period 1986-1996 in which enrolment rate of the plantation community increased from 22.8% to 27.0%).
- School avoidance is considered as a situation of non – schooling of children at school age including drop – outs from school. If the rate of school avoidance is very high, then the in-effective school can promote the rate of incidence of school avoidance. During early 1990’s, the drop out rates were relatively higher for plantation sector schools for each and every class (from std. 2 to std. 9). The rate was almost more than double when compared to schools in the urban and rural sectors. The following table for 1990 illustrates this problem very clearly. For stds. 5,6,8, and 9,the avoidance rates were very much higher – more than triple that of the other schools.
The above emphasizes the need to improve the transition rate from the primary cycle to secondary as it has been found in smaller schools with classes only up to year
One of the total number of 4,397 teacher in the plantation schools in the six districts 2,869 teacher (65.2%) were untrained by 1993 (P.P.Manikkam,1995).
The relative backwardness of the educational provision of the Indian plantation community was legacy from colonial times. During the British period the colonial policy was not in favour of educating the plantation workers community. The colonial Government was more concerned to provide an English education for a small number of males to serve the needs of the colonial administration. The colonial state’s policy of non-intervention in education of the masses was dominant in the nineteenth century. some of the colonial rulers felt that to promote colonial policies. In short, the political and social environment during the colonial period was not conducive for the development of education of the Indian plantation community.
Soon after Independence, The Indian Tamils in Sri Lanka were made stateless by the acts of parliament pertaining to citizenship and the governments of the day were more concerned about education of their masters who were the Sri Lanka public Hitherto ignored by the British rulers and missionaries in respect of secondary and higher education. The successive governments were concerned with expending education opportunities to rural areas and formulating educational policies to get rid of the colonial principles and practices from the system of education. In all these attempts, the educational needs of the Indian plantation community was largely neglected and their schools reminded segregated from the educational mainstream .
How and ineffective school management system and poor supervisory support system could lead to the emergency of and ineffective education in the plantation. Sector is shown diagrammatically along with effects of such a system.
Participation in secondary and university education
Basic data on plantation school in 1984 indicate a substantial increase in the student enrolment with reached 199,374 in 1994. there had been similar increase in the number of teachers from 1148 in 1984 to 4843 in 1994. the overall pupil-teacher ratio was 55.1 in 1984 and 44.1 in 1994. In terms of the number of students and teachers in these schools within the ten year period, there had been a significant improvement.
This enrolment of 199,000 students could be analyzed further. A close at the data reveals that this increase mainly reflects a substantial improvement in the primary level and a relative backwardness of secondary level (years 6-13). Years 12-13 (G.C.E A/L) are very crucial for university admission. But enrolment at that level in the plantation schools is very negligible and this is the main reason for non-participation of the plantation Tamils in University education.
Low enrolment at these levels is an indication of seriousness of the problem of early drop-outs and inadequate support given by parents to pursue higher studies. It is also an indication of less number of students qualifying to reach university entrance classes. The majority of the Tamil schools in the plantation districts still remains, as primary schools amount to 80% while Sinhala primary schools from only 35% of the total number of Sinhala schools. Hence, it is very clear that the junior secondary and senior secondary level opportunities are very limited to plantation Tamil students in the districts where they live in substantial numbers.
At secondary level examination (Year 11 or G.C.E O/L) , plantation children perform very poorly in the main subjects such as Mathematics, Science, English and social studies.
As of this high rate of failure, very less percentage of children obtain qualifications to be admitted to the next level (G.C.E. A/L). According to available data, a maximum of only 17% of students who sit for the G.C.E O/L examination obtain qualifications to pursue higher studies.
Inefficiency of the G.C.E O/L stream in the plantation schools coupled with a low enrolment is responsible for:
- very low level enrolment at G.C.E. A/L; and
- very low participation at university level education
Out of a total number of 160 thousand candidates who sit, for the university entrance examination (year 13 – G.C.E. A/L), less than one thousand five hundred are from the plantation Tamil schools. In item of population basis or ethnic proportion (six per cent of Indian Tamils in the total population), their number should be around nine thousand. As a direct result of this low participation of Indian plantation workers’ children at senior secondary level (year 12 and 13), their participation in university education has become very nominal and negligible. Out of total number 35,000 under – graduate population enrolled in the whole university system, only and estimated number of 200 are Tamils of Indian origin. And this number is being distributed among 12 universities and various facilities of science, social sciences, medicine, Engineering and law. This poor participation could be noted since the establishment of a full – fledged university of Sri Lanka in 1942. as a result a very negligible number of high positions in the decision making bodies, in high echelons of the government service and the university academic community, are being occupied by Indian Origin Tamils. The number of positions held in this sector by the plantation Tamils is between Five to Ten on the whole. In short, while the Sri Lanka formal system of education has given ample opportunities for other sections of the society for upward social mobility, the plantation community continues to remain as a working class community. It should be noted that the Central School opened in the 1940’s functioned as effective agent of upward mobility, drawing able children from rural primary school through scholarship and facilitating their access to university and subsequently to the highest positions in the professions and the administration. This opportunity was not enjoyed by the members of the Indian plantation community.
Conclusion
Developments since 1997, in respect of policies regarding plantation education, helped to integrate the plantation schools with that of the main stream and there had been a remarkable progress in respect of primary education. the primary cycle has been taken care of by the foreign funded projects to improve educational provision of the Indian Tamil Community in terms of quality and quantity. Even at primary level, problems such as shortage of teacher and teaching materials, absence of proper orientation of teacher in relation to the implementation of new reforms at primary level could be noticed.
The secondary level of education is experiencing the problems of low enrolment of students, low achievements level in public examinations, shortage of qualified teacher and dearth of internal and external supervision.
As for university education ,the plantation Tamil community appeared to deserve implementation of a new policy of positive discrimination without which admission to the University system would be jeopardised in the long run. University admission is very competitive in Sri Lanka and there is also a definite need to strengthen the GCE A/L Science and mathematics streams in the plantation schools. The phenomenon of greater participation in the main streams in the politics in recent times, which has been witnessed during the 1990;s should get extended to the school system as well. There is also a definite need to enhance the awareness and aspirations of the community towards school education and higher education. Educational leadership among the members of the plantation Tamil community has emerged gradually at the school, district and national levels. This leadership has a tremendous task in taking the Indian Tamil community into the knowledge-bases 21 st century of the next Millennium.
References
Central Bank of Sri Lanka :Reports on the Consumer Finance and Socio Economic Survey of Sri Lank,1953,1963,1973,1986/87 &1996/97.
Chandra Bose ,A.S.(1995):Present Status of Tamil schools in the plantation, Colombo ).
Dore, R.(1975):Diploma Dissertation: Education, Qualification and Developments, University of California press, Berkley.
INDIAN MINORITIES
IN SRI LANKA
Professor S.sandarasegaran
Dean,
faculty of education
university of colombo
sri lankan educational policy makers concentrated their attempts since 1940 to enhance the educational levels for the disadvantaged sections of sri lankan society. Their reforms mainly reached these sections and left out the Indian minorities who became stateless people as a result of the discriminatory citizenship law of 1948.since 1977 things began to change after gradual integration of the plantation sector schools predominantly Indian with the national mainstream improvement were spectacular in respect of primary education literacy rates,female participation and drop –out rates .this progress was not matched by similar improvement at the secondary level and in higher education. There is a definite need to formulate new policies to accommodate Indian minorities in the field of higher education where the admission policy is very prohibitive.
The Indian Tamil community in Sri Lanka constitutes about 6 per cent of the total population which is equal to about one million. They are identified as up country Tamils, Tamils of Recent or Indian Origin and or plantation Tamils. Out of an estimated number of 1.3 million Indian Origin Tamils IOT at least 85 per cent of them still live and work in the tea plantation districts of Nuwara Eliya, Badulla, Kandy, Ratnapura, Matale,Kegalle, Kalutara and Monaragala some 100,000 people are settled down in the war-torn northern and eastern districts there is also a small concentration of IOT in the Colombo district comprising about 2.0 per cent of the population.
The Indian migrants were confined to the plantation which constituted a world cut off from the Sinhalese majority heartland. They preserved their distinct religious and linguistic culture. Plantation hierarchy,with its authoritarian structure,discouraged any assimilative process that would bring the Indian labour into any interaction which the Sinhalese majority. Except for a small proportion of 15 per cent involved in some commercial activities and occupations such as clerk, salesman and teacher, the remaining 85 per cent of the IOT are mostly plantation workers, living in non-urban areas of the country.
The Indian labour of the plantation industry had benefited by labour legislation enacted by the colonial Government which provided a variety of welfare measures these measures were introduced because of a need to satisfy the Government of India which was expressing concern over the plight of her immigrant workers in Sri Lanka. It was also a prudent gesture which could ensure a regular and smooth supply of labour to the estates and accounted for the solicitude shown by the government towards Indian labour on the plantations. As a part of these welfare measures, the plantation management was required to establish schools for the benefit of the plantation children. Primary education was made compulsory for these children.
The welfare measures which included free education and medical facilities were rudimentary in nature. A minimum wage ordinance of 1927 was another noteworthy welfare measure. The welfare measures and benefits that the Indian labour received were, at the time which srilankan workers elsewhere were not, entitled to receive. The indigenous workers not catered for and the politicians of srilanka were critical of the privileged position accorded to the Indian labour and the elementary welfare measures introduced by the colonial government.
In 1948 independent srilanka framed its own laws in regard to citizenship and the franchise. Under the citizenship acts of 1948 and 1949 only 134,000 out of a total of 825,000 indians were admitted to citizenship, approximately 16.2 per cent of the total. Te rest were declared stateless without voting rights. The disenfranchisement of this community contributed greatly to a sense of isolation, inferiority and ambiguous identity. Citizenship in srilanka ensure is pre – requisite for free tertiary education, the contact of business and trade, for securing employment and travel documents and for many other activities. Lake of srilankan citizenship for a period of four decades since 1948 had a very adverse impact on the Indian tamil community which had to lag behind other communities in social, economics, political, cultural and educational development.
The problem of stateless IOT continued for a period of four decades until it was tackled why two agreements (1964 and 1974) between the government of India and srilanka and the citizenship act of 1988. India agreed to the repatriation of 600,000 persons and as a result of subsequent repatriation, Indian tamils’ share of srilanka’s total population dropped from 10 percent to 6 percent between 1971 – 1981. srilanka had agreed to absorb only 375,000. another citizenship at was passed in 1988 under which all stateless Indians could submit and affidavit to obtain srilankan citizenship. This act shorted out the problems of citizenship by accepting all the stateless percent who did not apply for Indian citizenship under the pervious India – lanka agreements of 1964 and 1974. these acts and policy changes in regard to statelessness and citizenship enable the Indian migrant community to become formidable force in the political arena of Sri Lanka, specially in the later part of the 1980’s and early 1990’s. the Indian tamils and there trade union and political organization (Ceylon workers congress) sided with the united national party (UNP). Massive constituency of the Indian tamil community effectively delivered the UNP to power as it could do subequently in the presidential election of 1988 and the parliamentary election 1989. in exchange for this support of the UNP, Thondaman, leader of the CWC, obtained a series of concessions on citizenship and on education. Between 1977 and 1994 thondaman negotiated with a number of ministers of education on matters educational pertaining to the Indian tamil community. These attempts led to the integration of the educational provision of the plantation community with that of the main stream. Against this background, it may be important to:
a. Narrate briefly the backwardness and disadvantageous position of the educational level of the Indian tamil community;
b. Identify the favorable and unfavorable conditions and factors which influenced the educational provision of the Indian tamil community and some of the recent trends in the education provision of this community; and
c. Identify major areas of short comings in respects of schools educational and higher education
Early backwardness and recent progress in Education
Sri Lanka’s studies on disadvantaged groups very often cite the Indian plantation Tamils as an example of ethnic minority groups regarded as being disadvantaged in economic levels, educational achievement, housing and health facilities. Education, within the plantation sector. Remained out side the national system of education and was left largely in the hands of the plantation owners. According to them, the state school was no more than a child care centre when the adults are at work. The British companies that manage the plantation system did not encourage schooling, and the grates in those schools extended only up to primary level. Agitation in Britain and India for the provision of educational facilities for the plantation workers led to the enactment of ordinances of 1905,1920 and 1947. until gradual state take over of schools since 1977, the plantation sector schools for the responsibility of the plantation management. Most schools for single – teacher schools and the pupil – teacher ratio was often 1:100. most of the teachers were only secondary qualified but without any pedagogic training. Some of them worked as part time clerks in the estate office.
Instead of the primary level national curriculum, only the three “R” s were taught. The buildings were generally in a dilapidated condition without protection from unfavorable climatic conditions.
For further education, children had to travel to distant Tamil schools. The better schools, outside the estate sector, were inaccessible to these children due to distance and barriers of language. Most of the better schools in the plantation areas were sinhala schools where the language of the Indian Tamils was not the medium of instruction. According to one estimate, only 4% of the primary school lowers proceeded to the secondary level of education provided by the town schools in 1960.
In Sri Lanka, the political commitment to democratize education since 1945 was seen in the liberal financing allocation made for education as part of a welfare oriented measure that was expected to help the disadvantaged communities and reduce socio – economic inequalities. The share of education in the GNP increased to almost 5% in 1970 and educational expenditure as a proportion of the national budget fluctuated between 14%and 16% in the 1960’s. Free education, national languages as media of instruction, free issue of school text books and uniforms, scholarships for children from low income groups expansion of schools to rural areas where some of the measures introduced by Sri Lanka to promote the principal of quality of opportunities in education. These developments and measures did not reach the plantation community in view of the absences for a concerted policy to enhance its educational levels. As a results of these measures, Sri Lanka reach educational standards almost similar to that of any another country of the developed world.
Achievement in respect of school education in Sri Lanka could be summarized. In 1991, of 5.7 million children in the age group 5 -19 years, 4.2 million were in schools. Nearly 75 per cent of the total population below 19 is in school. School participation rates and literacy rates reach the upper eighties in 1995 (national education commission 1995).
- The number of Schools increase from 5487 in 1950 to 10,231 in 1988 and 10,120 in 1997.
- Literacy rates increased from 57.8 per cent in 1945 to 78.2 per cent in 1980 in the urban sector the rates reached 92.3 per cent in 1991.
- At the turn of the century, the national literacy rate for female was only 9 per cent. By 1991, it reached 83 per cent.
- One of the main achievements of the system is that there is no gender this discrimination in the school system at any level. A ratio of 50.25% males to 49.8% females has been maintained in the schools for nearly to decades, in some of the classes and could notice the predominance of girls. According to 1991 schools census, for every 100 males there were more girls in standerds 8,9,10,11, and 12
- The net enrolment of children of five years of age increased to 97.9 per cent in 1991. in 1981 the ratio was 89.7 % by 2000. virtually every child in this age group will be in school if the current plans in education for all are implemented. Regulations have already been framed under the education ordinance. No.31 of 1939 compelling parents to send their children to school.
******
These achievements in respect of education development are noteworthy but this does not reveal the intra – national this disparities prevailing in the system. Educational provision and achievement of the Indian Tamil community have been some what at a lower level in view of the fact that the members of the community as a whole were plantation workers who could not enjoy benefits of the democratization process of education which began in late 1940’s educational indicators pertaining to this community reveal a different picture when compared with other section of the Sri Lanka society.
Literacy rates are significantly lower in the plantation sector (68.1%) in comparison to the urban (92.8%) and the rural (89.2%) sector (1987) improvement in female literacy rates at national level is impressive (55.6% in 1953 and 83.4% in 1990). But in the plantation sector 52% of the women are illiterate (1982) Recent data for the year 1996/97 reveal the continuity of this disparity between estate and other sectors.
Improvement in the educational provision during the period 1986 – 1996 contributed towards an increase of literacy Rates in the plantation sector. But still the disparity among different sectors continues.
Date pertaining to the percentages distribution of the Sri Lanka population by educational level and sectors indicate the relative backwardness of the sector in terms of educational level. Accordingly in 1953, 1963, 1973 and 1978 -79, more than 50 per cent of the plantation population was classified as with ‘No schooling’ where as the all – island percentages were for below that of the plantation sector
All – island figures indicate the relative backwardness of the plantation sector population which as a large segment of population (90% - 96%) which is either illiterate or primary educated. Not with standing this backwardness gradual improvement of the educational level of the community over period of three decades, is also indicated in the table nevertheless, education beyond primary level appears to have deteriorated further during the period 1950 – 1980. Educational attainment in the urban and rural sectors was relatively higher than that of the estate sector in respect of all the three levels of education attainment of Education by sectors 1996-97
The index of education attained by sectors given in the consumer finance survey of 1973 indicates that the estate sector. Which had the lowest level of education in 1963, had progressed only slightly, consequently increasing the backwardness of this sector in educational attainment relative to the rural sector. Recent data pertaining to educational attainment revealed a steady improvement in the educational attainment in all sectors including the plantations. This improvement ,again could be attributed to better infrastructural conditions for education in the plantation sector provided by the funds obtained from international assistance.
In addition the number of students or the rate of enrolment in formal education of the population aged 5 and above in 1996-97 showed only marginal differences among sectors, reflecting the recent development in the availability of educational opportunities. A definite improvement in enrolment in the plantation sector could be observed and this is a clear indication of the expansion of social infrastructure in recent years.
The plantation sector education level is very significant in view of the following:
- For the first time in the history of education of this community, its performance in respect of students in formal education has almost reached national average and that of other sectors in 1997 (National average 27.3% ; Estate sector 27.0%)
- Substantial progress could be observed during the period 1986-1996 in which enrolment rate of the plantation community increased from 22.8% to 27.0%).
- School avoidance is considered as a situation of non – schooling of children at school age including drop – outs from school. If the rate of school avoidance is very high, then the in-effective school can promote the rate of incidence of school avoidance. During early 1990’s, the drop out rates were relatively higher for plantation sector schools for each and every class (from std. 2 to std. 9). The rate was almost more than double when compared to schools in the urban and rural sectors. The following table for 1990 illustrates this problem very clearly. For stds. 5,6,8, and 9,the avoidance rates were very much higher – more than triple that of the other schools.
The above emphasizes the need to improve the transition rate from the primary cycle to secondary as it has been found in smaller schools with classes only up to year
One of the total number of 4,397 teacher in the plantation schools in the six districts 2,869 teacher (65.2%) were untrained by 1993 (P.P.Manikkam,1995).
The relative backwardness of the educational provision of the Indian plantation community was legacy from colonial times. During the British period the colonial policy was not in favour of educating the plantation workers community. The colonial Government was more concerned to provide an English education for a small number of males to serve the needs of the colonial administration. The colonial state’s policy of non-intervention in education of the masses was dominant in the nineteenth century. some of the colonial rulers felt that to promote colonial policies. In short, the political and social environment during the colonial period was not conducive for the development of education of the Indian plantation community.
Soon after Independence, The Indian Tamils in Sri Lanka were made stateless by the acts of parliament pertaining to citizenship and the governments of the day were more concerned about education of their masters who were the Sri Lanka public Hitherto ignored by the British rulers and missionaries in respect of secondary and higher education. The successive governments were concerned with expending education opportunities to rural areas and formulating educational policies to get rid of the colonial principles and practices from the system of education. In all these attempts, the educational needs of the Indian plantation community was largely neglected and their schools reminded segregated from the educational mainstream .
How and ineffective school management system and poor supervisory support system could lead to the emergency of and ineffective education in the plantation. Sector is shown diagrammatically along with effects of such a system.
Participation in secondary and university education
Basic data on plantation school in 1984 indicate a substantial increase in the student enrolment with reached 199,374 in 1994. there had been similar increase in the number of teachers from 1148 in 1984 to 4843 in 1994. the overall pupil-teacher ratio was 55.1 in 1984 and 44.1 in 1994. In terms of the number of students and teachers in these schools within the ten year period, there had been a significant improvement.
This enrolment of 199,000 students could be analyzed further. A close at the data reveals that this increase mainly reflects a substantial improvement in the primary level and a relative backwardness of secondary level (years 6-13). Years 12-13 (G.C.E A/L) are very crucial for university admission. But enrolment at that level in the plantation schools is very negligible and this is the main reason for non-participation of the plantation Tamils in University education.
Low enrolment at these levels is an indication of seriousness of the problem of early drop-outs and inadequate support given by parents to pursue higher studies. It is also an indication of less number of students qualifying to reach university entrance classes. The majority of the Tamil schools in the plantation districts still remains, as primary schools amount to 80% while Sinhala primary schools from only 35% of the total number of Sinhala schools. Hence, it is very clear that the junior secondary and senior secondary level opportunities are very limited to plantation Tamil students in the districts where they live in substantial numbers.
At secondary level examination (Year 11 or G.C.E O/L) , plantation children perform very poorly in the main subjects such as Mathematics, Science, English and social studies.
As of this high rate of failure, very less percentage of children obtain qualifications to be admitted to the next level (G.C.E. A/L). According to available data, a maximum of only 17% of students who sit for the G.C.E O/L examination obtain qualifications to pursue higher studies.
Inefficiency of the G.C.E O/L stream in the plantation schools coupled with a low enrolment is responsible for:
- very low level enrolment at G.C.E. A/L; and
- very low participation at university level education
Out of a total number of 160 thousand candidates who sit, for the university entrance examination (year 13 – G.C.E. A/L), less than one thousand five hundred are from the plantation Tamil schools. In item of population basis or ethnic proportion (six per cent of Indian Tamils in the total population), their number should be around nine thousand. As a direct result of this low participation of Indian plantation workers’ children at senior secondary level (year 12 and 13), their participation in university education has become very nominal and negligible. Out of total number 35,000 under – graduate population enrolled in the whole university system, only and estimated number of 200 are Tamils of Indian origin. And this number is being distributed among 12 universities and various facilities of science, social sciences, medicine, Engineering and law. This poor participation could be noted since the establishment of a full – fledged university of Sri Lanka in 1942. as a result a very negligible number of high positions in the decision making bodies, in high echelons of the government service and the university academic community, are being occupied by Indian Origin Tamils. The number of positions held in this sector by the plantation Tamils is between Five to Ten on the whole. In short, while the Sri Lanka formal system of education has given ample opportunities for other sections of the society for upward social mobility, the plantation community continues to remain as a working class community. It should be noted that the Central School opened in the 1940’s functioned as effective agent of upward mobility, drawing able children from rural primary school through scholarship and facilitating their access to university and subsequently to the highest positions in the professions and the administration. This opportunity was not enjoyed by the members of the Indian plantation community.
Conclusion
Developments since 1997, in respect of policies regarding plantation education, helped to integrate the plantation schools with that of the main stream and there had been a remarkable progress in respect of primary education. the primary cycle has been taken care of by the foreign funded projects to improve educational provision of the Indian Tamil Community in terms of quality and quantity. Even at primary level, problems such as shortage of teacher and teaching materials, absence of proper orientation of teacher in relation to the implementation of new reforms at primary level could be noticed.
The secondary level of education is experiencing the problems of low enrolment of students, low achievements level in public examinations, shortage of qualified teacher and dearth of internal and external supervision.
As for university education ,the plantation Tamil community appeared to deserve implementation of a new policy of positive discrimination without which admission to the University system would be jeopardised in the long run. University admission is very competitive in Sri Lanka and there is also a definite need to strengthen the GCE A/L Science and mathematics streams in the plantation schools. The phenomenon of greater participation in the main streams in the politics in recent times, which has been witnessed during the 1990;s should get extended to the school system as well. There is also a definite need to enhance the awareness and aspirations of the community towards school education and higher education. Educational leadership among the members of the plantation Tamil community has emerged gradually at the school, district and national levels. This leadership has a tremendous task in taking the Indian Tamil community into the knowledge-bases 21 st century of the next Millennium.
References
Central Bank of Sri Lanka :Reports on the Consumer Finance and Socio Economic Survey of Sri Lank,1953,1963,1973,1986/87 &1996/97.
Chandra Bose ,A.S.(1995):Present Status of Tamil schools in the plantation, Colombo ).
Dore, R.(1975):Diploma Dissertation: Education, Qualification and Developments, University of California press, Berkley.
Thursday, July 15, 2010
UPCOUNTRY PEOPLE DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH FOUNDATION: "நிலம் பெயர்ந்த தமிழர் , வேரும் விழுதும்
UPCOUNTRY PEOPLE DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH FOUNDATION: "நிலம் பெயர்ந்த தமிழர் , வேரும் விழுதும்: "'நிலம் பெயர்ந்த தமிழர் , வேரும் விழுதும் உலகத் தமிழ்ப் பண்பாட்டு மன்றத்தின் (மலேசியா)வெளியீடு 2007 பேராசிரியர் சோ. சந்திரசேகரம் இலங்கை ..."
Wednesday, July 14, 2010
கொடுமை என்பதன் அர்த்தம் இதுவா?
கே. ஆர். குமார்
மஸ்கெலியா நகரில் இருந்து சுமார் 10 கிலோமீற்றர் தொலைவில் உள்ள "மஸ்கெலியா பிளாண்டேஷனுக்கு' சொந்தமான தோட்டம் தான் அப்புகஸ்தனை தோட்டம். இத் தோட்டத்தில் சுமார் 900 மக்கள் வசித்து வருகின்றனர். அப்புகஸ்தனை மேல் பிரிவு, கீழ்பிரிவு, தெபட்டன் ஆகிய மூன்று தோட்டப் பிரிவுகளைக் கொண்ட இத் தோட்டத்தில் ஏறக்குறைய 350 தொழிலாளர்கள் தொழில் செய்து வருகின்றனர். இந் நிலையில் இத் தோட்டத் தொழிலாளர்கள் கடந்த பல வருடங்களாக பல்வேறு பிரச்சினைகளுக்கு முகங்கொடுத்து வருகின்றனர்.
மலையகப் பகுதிகளிலுள்ள ஏனைய தோட்டங்களுடன் ஒப்பிடும் போது இத் தோட்டத்தில் பல பிரச்சினைகள் காணப்படுவதாக இப் பகுதி தோட்டத் தொழிலாளர்கள் தெரிவிக்கின்றனர். தோட்ட நிர்வாகத்தின் கெடுபிடியால் தொழிலாளர்கள் பல்வேறு சிரமங்களை எதிர்நோக்க வேண்டிய நிலையில் உள்ளனர். இது தொடர்பில் தோட்டத் தொழிற்சங்கங்களுக்கு எடுத்துக் கூறியும் இதுவரை எவ்வித பதிலும் கிடைக்கவில்லை என்று இப் பகுதி தொழிலாளர்கள் தெரிவிக்கின்றனர்.
தொழிற்சங்கங்களை கேட்காமல் வேதனைகளை பொறுக்க முடியாமல் தீர்வு கிட்ட வேண்டும் என்ற ஒரே நோக்கத்திற்காக தாங்களாகவே பணி பகிஷ்கரிப்பில் ஈடுபட்டதால் இவர்களின் பிரச்சினைகளைப் பேசுவதற்காக தொழிற்சங்கங்களும் முன்வருவதில்லை என்றும் இவர்கள் குற்றம் சாட்டுகின்றனர். இவர்கள் அனுபவிக்கின்ற பிரச்சினைகளை உற்றுப் பார்த்தால் இப்படியும் ஒரு தோட்டமா? என எண்ணிப் பார்க்கத் தோன்றுகிறது.
இந்த தோட்டத்தில் எங்கேயும் இல்லாத அளவுக்கு அநியாயம் நடக்குது. இந்த வேலை நிறுத்தத்தின் முக்கிய காரணமே ஒரு நாள் வேதனத்துக்கு 19 கிலேõ கொழுந்து பறிக்கச் சொல்வதுதான். மஸ்கெலியா முகாமைத்துவ நிறுவனத்திற்கு சொந்தமான எல்லா தோட்டங்களிலும் ஒரு நாள் சம்பளத்துக்கு 16 கிலோ கொழுந்து எடுக்க சொல்லும் போது எமது அப்புகஸ்தனை தோட்டத்தில் மட்டும் ஏன் 19 கிலோ கொழுந்து எடுக்க சொல்கிறார்கள். அது மட்டுமல்ல. தெப்பட்டன் டிவிசன் முழுவதும் காடாகி இருப்பதால் நாங்கள் அங்கு தொழில் செய்வதில்லை. தோட்ட நிர்வாகம் 3 கிலோ மீற்றர் தொலைவிலுள்ள தெபட்டன் டிவிசனில் இருந்து தோட்ட லொறியில் ஆடு மாடு போல ஆண் மற்றும் பெண் தொழிலாளர்களை ஏற்றிச் சென்று அப்புகஸ்தனை தோட்டத்தில் கொழுந்து பறிக்கச் செய்கின்றனர். மதிய உணவும் கொண்டு செல்ல வேண்டும். மாலை வேலை முடிந்ததும் நடந்துதான் வர வேண்டும். லொறி தர மாட்டார்கள். வீட்டுக்கு வருவதற்கு இரவு 7 மணியாகிவிடுகின்றது. இது இப்படியிருக்க ஒரு நேரத்துக்கு 1 கிலோ கொழுந்து வீதம் 3 நேர நிறுவையின் போது ஒரு தொழிலாளியிடம் இருந்து 3 கிலோ கொழுந்து பலவந்தமாக பிடிக்கப்பட்டு வருகிறது.
கொழுந்து நிறுக்கும் தட்டுக்கும் (தராசு) அதன் எடைக்கேற்ப மேலும் 1 கிலோ வீதம் 3 கிலோ கொழுந்து பிடித்திருக்கப்படுவது ஒரு நபருக்கு மேலதிகமான சுமார் 7 கிலோ கொழுந்தை தோட்ட நிர்வாகம் மேலதிகமாக எம்மிடம் பறிக்கின்றனர். எல்லாமாக ஒப்பிட்டுப் பார்த்தால் நாங்கள் கடந்த 10 வருட காலமாக பயங்கரமாக தோட்ட நிர்வாகத்தால் சுரண்டப்பட்டு வருகின்றோம். எனது உயரத்துக்கு வளர்ந்திருக்கும் தேயிலை செடியிலே கைகளை உயர்த்திய வண்ணம் கொழுந்து பறித்து அதில் ஏன் இவர்களுக்கு சும்மா கொடுக்கனும்? இதை பல முறை சொல்லியும் புரியாததால் நாங்கள் வேலை நிறுத்தம் செய்ய முடிவெடுத்தோம்.
கடந்த பல வருட காலமாக தோட்டத்தில் இடம்பெற்று வரும் தோட்ட துரைமார் அடாவடித்தனம் மற்றும் உரிமை மீறலுக்கு எதிராகவே நாங்கள் கடந்த 21 நாட்களாக பணி பகிஷ்கரிப்பில் ஈடுபட்டு வருகிறோம். தோட்ட முகாமையாளர்களிடம் சென்று எமது பிரச்சினைகளைச் சொன்னால் அவர் அதை செவிமடுக்காமல் ஏனைய உத்தியோகத்தர்களுடன் கலகலப்பாக பேசிக் கொண்டிருப்பார். மலையில் கங்காணி, கணக்குப்பிள்ளை ஆகியோர் பெண் தொழிலாளர்களை தகாத வார்த்தைகளால் பேசுகின்றனர். எங்களுக்கு வேலைக்கு போகப் பிடிக்கவில்லை. எதுவும் எதிர்த்து பேசினால் வீட்டுக்கு துரத்துகின்றனர். இது போன்ற பல இன்னல்களுக்கு முகம் கொடுக்க முடியாமல் இங்குள்ள பல தொழிலாளர்கள் தங்களின் இளம் வயதிலேயே தோட்ட பணியில் இருந்து விலகி வீட்டில் இருக்கின்றனர்.
காலையில் 8 மணிக்கு மதிய உணவையும் கட்டியெடுத்த வண்ணம் மலைக்கு வேலைக்கு செல்லும் நாங்கள் பகல் உணவுக்கு வீட்டுக்கு கூட வராமல் மாலை 6 மணி வரை வேலை செய்கிறோம். இந்த நேரத்தில் பல இன்னல்களுக்கு முகம் கொடுக்கின்றோம். பால் கொடுக்கும் தாய்மாருக்கும் நேரம் ஒதுக்கப்படுவதில்லை. மழைக் காலமாக உள்ளதால் பாம்பு அட்டை தொல்லை அதிகரித்துள்ளது. மலையில் வேலை செய்து கொண்டிருக்கும் போது ஏதாவது வருத்தம் ஏற்பட்டு விட்டால் எங்களுக்கு தோட்ட நிர்வாகம் எவ்வித வாகன வசதியும் தர மாட்டார்கள்.
தோட்டத்தில் உள்ள வைத்தியசாலை இயங்குவதே இல்லை. புதிய கூட்டு ஒப்பந்தப்படி அரை பேர் போடக் கூடாது, இருந்தும் முழு நாளுமே வேலை செய்தாலும் கொழுந்து கிலோ சற்று குறைவாக இருந்தாலும் அரை நாளுக்கான வேதனமே வழங்குகின்றனர். புதிதாக யாருக்கும் பெயர் பதிந்து வேலை தருவதில்லை. வேறு தோட்டத்தில் இருந்து திருமணம் முடித்து இங்கு வந்து பெயர் பதியும் போது அங்குள்ள வைத்தியரை வைத்து அப் பெண் கர்ப்பமாக உள்ளாரா என பரிசோதித்து கர்ப்பமாக இருந்தால் பெயர் பதிவதில்லை. காரணம் பிரசவ சகாய நிதி கொடுக்க வேண்டும் என்ற காரணம்தான். குழந்தை பிறந்த பின்னரே பெயர் பதிவு செய்கின்றனர்.
இவ்வாறு தொழிலாளர்களின் உரிமைகள் மீறப்படுகின்றன. தோட்ட அதிகாரி ஒருவருக்கு தனிப்பட்ட ஒருவரை இப்படி பரிசோதிப்பதற்கு என்ன உரிமை உண்டு. இது கண்டிக்கப்பட வேண்டிய விடயமாகும். இதனால் பல பெண்கள் வெட்கப்பட்டு வீட்டிலே தங்கிவிடுகின்றனர். தோட்டத்தில் தொழில் செய்கின்ற ஒருவருக்கு வதிவிட சான்றிதழ் ஒன்று பெறுவதற்காக தோட்ட நிர்வாகத்திடம் சென்றால் அதைப் பெறுவதற்கு சுமார் 3 மாத கால தாமதமாகின்றது. குடியிருப்புகள் மிகவும் மோசமாக காணப்படுகின்றன. இவைகளை திருத்த மறுக்கின்றனர். இப்படி பல பிரச்சினைகள் கடந்த பல வருடங்களாக நாளுக்கு நாள் அதிகரித்த வண்ணமாகவே உள்ளன.
இதையெல்லாம் தாங்கிக் கொள்ள முடியாமல் தான் பிரச்சினைகளுக்குட்பட்ட சம்பந்தப்பட்ட 3 டிவிசன் தொழிலாளர்களும் ஒற்றுமையாக இந்த பணி பகிஷ்கரிப்பில் ஈடுபட்டு வருகின்றோம். தோட்ட துரையை மாற்றி ஏனைய உத்தியோகஸ்தர்களை மாற்றி புதிய துரை மற்றும் உத்தியோகஸ்தர்களை நியமித்து ஒரு நாள் வேதனத்துக்கு 16 கிலோ கொழுந்து பறிக்க உத்தரவு கிடைத்தாலும் மட்டுமே தொழிலுக்கு போவோம். இல்லாவிட்டால் நாம் பட்டினி கிடந்து செத்தாலும் வேலைக்கு திரும்ப மாட்டோம்.
மஸ்கெலியா நகரில் இருந்து சுமார் 10 கிலோமீற்றர் தொலைவில் உள்ள "மஸ்கெலியா பிளாண்டேஷனுக்கு' சொந்தமான தோட்டம் தான் அப்புகஸ்தனை தோட்டம். இத் தோட்டத்தில் சுமார் 900 மக்கள் வசித்து வருகின்றனர். அப்புகஸ்தனை மேல் பிரிவு, கீழ்பிரிவு, தெபட்டன் ஆகிய மூன்று தோட்டப் பிரிவுகளைக் கொண்ட இத் தோட்டத்தில் ஏறக்குறைய 350 தொழிலாளர்கள் தொழில் செய்து வருகின்றனர். இந் நிலையில் இத் தோட்டத் தொழிலாளர்கள் கடந்த பல வருடங்களாக பல்வேறு பிரச்சினைகளுக்கு முகங்கொடுத்து வருகின்றனர்.
மலையகப் பகுதிகளிலுள்ள ஏனைய தோட்டங்களுடன் ஒப்பிடும் போது இத் தோட்டத்தில் பல பிரச்சினைகள் காணப்படுவதாக இப் பகுதி தோட்டத் தொழிலாளர்கள் தெரிவிக்கின்றனர். தோட்ட நிர்வாகத்தின் கெடுபிடியால் தொழிலாளர்கள் பல்வேறு சிரமங்களை எதிர்நோக்க வேண்டிய நிலையில் உள்ளனர். இது தொடர்பில் தோட்டத் தொழிற்சங்கங்களுக்கு எடுத்துக் கூறியும் இதுவரை எவ்வித பதிலும் கிடைக்கவில்லை என்று இப் பகுதி தொழிலாளர்கள் தெரிவிக்கின்றனர்.
தொழிற்சங்கங்களை கேட்காமல் வேதனைகளை பொறுக்க முடியாமல் தீர்வு கிட்ட வேண்டும் என்ற ஒரே நோக்கத்திற்காக தாங்களாகவே பணி பகிஷ்கரிப்பில் ஈடுபட்டதால் இவர்களின் பிரச்சினைகளைப் பேசுவதற்காக தொழிற்சங்கங்களும் முன்வருவதில்லை என்றும் இவர்கள் குற்றம் சாட்டுகின்றனர். இவர்கள் அனுபவிக்கின்ற பிரச்சினைகளை உற்றுப் பார்த்தால் இப்படியும் ஒரு தோட்டமா? என எண்ணிப் பார்க்கத் தோன்றுகிறது.
இந்த தோட்டத்தில் எங்கேயும் இல்லாத அளவுக்கு அநியாயம் நடக்குது. இந்த வேலை நிறுத்தத்தின் முக்கிய காரணமே ஒரு நாள் வேதனத்துக்கு 19 கிலேõ கொழுந்து பறிக்கச் சொல்வதுதான். மஸ்கெலியா முகாமைத்துவ நிறுவனத்திற்கு சொந்தமான எல்லா தோட்டங்களிலும் ஒரு நாள் சம்பளத்துக்கு 16 கிலோ கொழுந்து எடுக்க சொல்லும் போது எமது அப்புகஸ்தனை தோட்டத்தில் மட்டும் ஏன் 19 கிலோ கொழுந்து எடுக்க சொல்கிறார்கள். அது மட்டுமல்ல. தெப்பட்டன் டிவிசன் முழுவதும் காடாகி இருப்பதால் நாங்கள் அங்கு தொழில் செய்வதில்லை. தோட்ட நிர்வாகம் 3 கிலோ மீற்றர் தொலைவிலுள்ள தெபட்டன் டிவிசனில் இருந்து தோட்ட லொறியில் ஆடு மாடு போல ஆண் மற்றும் பெண் தொழிலாளர்களை ஏற்றிச் சென்று அப்புகஸ்தனை தோட்டத்தில் கொழுந்து பறிக்கச் செய்கின்றனர். மதிய உணவும் கொண்டு செல்ல வேண்டும். மாலை வேலை முடிந்ததும் நடந்துதான் வர வேண்டும். லொறி தர மாட்டார்கள். வீட்டுக்கு வருவதற்கு இரவு 7 மணியாகிவிடுகின்றது. இது இப்படியிருக்க ஒரு நேரத்துக்கு 1 கிலோ கொழுந்து வீதம் 3 நேர நிறுவையின் போது ஒரு தொழிலாளியிடம் இருந்து 3 கிலோ கொழுந்து பலவந்தமாக பிடிக்கப்பட்டு வருகிறது.
கொழுந்து நிறுக்கும் தட்டுக்கும் (தராசு) அதன் எடைக்கேற்ப மேலும் 1 கிலோ வீதம் 3 கிலோ கொழுந்து பிடித்திருக்கப்படுவது ஒரு நபருக்கு மேலதிகமான சுமார் 7 கிலோ கொழுந்தை தோட்ட நிர்வாகம் மேலதிகமாக எம்மிடம் பறிக்கின்றனர். எல்லாமாக ஒப்பிட்டுப் பார்த்தால் நாங்கள் கடந்த 10 வருட காலமாக பயங்கரமாக தோட்ட நிர்வாகத்தால் சுரண்டப்பட்டு வருகின்றோம். எனது உயரத்துக்கு வளர்ந்திருக்கும் தேயிலை செடியிலே கைகளை உயர்த்திய வண்ணம் கொழுந்து பறித்து அதில் ஏன் இவர்களுக்கு சும்மா கொடுக்கனும்? இதை பல முறை சொல்லியும் புரியாததால் நாங்கள் வேலை நிறுத்தம் செய்ய முடிவெடுத்தோம்.
கடந்த பல வருட காலமாக தோட்டத்தில் இடம்பெற்று வரும் தோட்ட துரைமார் அடாவடித்தனம் மற்றும் உரிமை மீறலுக்கு எதிராகவே நாங்கள் கடந்த 21 நாட்களாக பணி பகிஷ்கரிப்பில் ஈடுபட்டு வருகிறோம். தோட்ட முகாமையாளர்களிடம் சென்று எமது பிரச்சினைகளைச் சொன்னால் அவர் அதை செவிமடுக்காமல் ஏனைய உத்தியோகத்தர்களுடன் கலகலப்பாக பேசிக் கொண்டிருப்பார். மலையில் கங்காணி, கணக்குப்பிள்ளை ஆகியோர் பெண் தொழிலாளர்களை தகாத வார்த்தைகளால் பேசுகின்றனர். எங்களுக்கு வேலைக்கு போகப் பிடிக்கவில்லை. எதுவும் எதிர்த்து பேசினால் வீட்டுக்கு துரத்துகின்றனர். இது போன்ற பல இன்னல்களுக்கு முகம் கொடுக்க முடியாமல் இங்குள்ள பல தொழிலாளர்கள் தங்களின் இளம் வயதிலேயே தோட்ட பணியில் இருந்து விலகி வீட்டில் இருக்கின்றனர்.
காலையில் 8 மணிக்கு மதிய உணவையும் கட்டியெடுத்த வண்ணம் மலைக்கு வேலைக்கு செல்லும் நாங்கள் பகல் உணவுக்கு வீட்டுக்கு கூட வராமல் மாலை 6 மணி வரை வேலை செய்கிறோம். இந்த நேரத்தில் பல இன்னல்களுக்கு முகம் கொடுக்கின்றோம். பால் கொடுக்கும் தாய்மாருக்கும் நேரம் ஒதுக்கப்படுவதில்லை. மழைக் காலமாக உள்ளதால் பாம்பு அட்டை தொல்லை அதிகரித்துள்ளது. மலையில் வேலை செய்து கொண்டிருக்கும் போது ஏதாவது வருத்தம் ஏற்பட்டு விட்டால் எங்களுக்கு தோட்ட நிர்வாகம் எவ்வித வாகன வசதியும் தர மாட்டார்கள்.
தோட்டத்தில் உள்ள வைத்தியசாலை இயங்குவதே இல்லை. புதிய கூட்டு ஒப்பந்தப்படி அரை பேர் போடக் கூடாது, இருந்தும் முழு நாளுமே வேலை செய்தாலும் கொழுந்து கிலோ சற்று குறைவாக இருந்தாலும் அரை நாளுக்கான வேதனமே வழங்குகின்றனர். புதிதாக யாருக்கும் பெயர் பதிந்து வேலை தருவதில்லை. வேறு தோட்டத்தில் இருந்து திருமணம் முடித்து இங்கு வந்து பெயர் பதியும் போது அங்குள்ள வைத்தியரை வைத்து அப் பெண் கர்ப்பமாக உள்ளாரா என பரிசோதித்து கர்ப்பமாக இருந்தால் பெயர் பதிவதில்லை. காரணம் பிரசவ சகாய நிதி கொடுக்க வேண்டும் என்ற காரணம்தான். குழந்தை பிறந்த பின்னரே பெயர் பதிவு செய்கின்றனர்.
இவ்வாறு தொழிலாளர்களின் உரிமைகள் மீறப்படுகின்றன. தோட்ட அதிகாரி ஒருவருக்கு தனிப்பட்ட ஒருவரை இப்படி பரிசோதிப்பதற்கு என்ன உரிமை உண்டு. இது கண்டிக்கப்பட வேண்டிய விடயமாகும். இதனால் பல பெண்கள் வெட்கப்பட்டு வீட்டிலே தங்கிவிடுகின்றனர். தோட்டத்தில் தொழில் செய்கின்ற ஒருவருக்கு வதிவிட சான்றிதழ் ஒன்று பெறுவதற்காக தோட்ட நிர்வாகத்திடம் சென்றால் அதைப் பெறுவதற்கு சுமார் 3 மாத கால தாமதமாகின்றது. குடியிருப்புகள் மிகவும் மோசமாக காணப்படுகின்றன. இவைகளை திருத்த மறுக்கின்றனர். இப்படி பல பிரச்சினைகள் கடந்த பல வருடங்களாக நாளுக்கு நாள் அதிகரித்த வண்ணமாகவே உள்ளன.
இதையெல்லாம் தாங்கிக் கொள்ள முடியாமல் தான் பிரச்சினைகளுக்குட்பட்ட சம்பந்தப்பட்ட 3 டிவிசன் தொழிலாளர்களும் ஒற்றுமையாக இந்த பணி பகிஷ்கரிப்பில் ஈடுபட்டு வருகின்றோம். தோட்ட துரையை மாற்றி ஏனைய உத்தியோகஸ்தர்களை மாற்றி புதிய துரை மற்றும் உத்தியோகஸ்தர்களை நியமித்து ஒரு நாள் வேதனத்துக்கு 16 கிலோ கொழுந்து பறிக்க உத்தரவு கிடைத்தாலும் மட்டுமே தொழிலுக்கு போவோம். இல்லாவிட்டால் நாம் பட்டினி கிடந்து செத்தாலும் வேலைக்கு திரும்ப மாட்டோம்.
Saturday, July 3, 2010
Writer Christine Wilson passes away
The writer and artist Christine Spittel-Wilson passed away on 27th February 2010. Her cremation took place at the General Cemetery, Kanatte. She was 97.
Christine Spittel-Wilson Coming from a family of doctors, artists and writers, she was active as a writer and an artist until comparatively recently. She published her autobiography, “Christine”, in 2007, and gave an exhibition of her paintings and ceramic art in 2009.
She was the author of three novels (“The Bitter Berry”, “The Mountain Road”, and “I Am The Wings”), a biography of her father, Dr. R. L. Spittel, (“Surgeon of the Wilderness”), a cookery book (“Secrets of Eastern Cooking”), and a number of travel and assorted articles. She was a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society.
As a young woman, she accompanied her father into the jungles of Sri Lanka, to gain an understanding of the ancient ways of the Veddhas. In 2008, a delegation of Veddhas made a special trip to Colombo to pay tribute to her. The visit was covered by both TV and print media.
Mrs. Spittel-Wilson spent her childhood and early adult years at Wycherley, the family home on Old Buller’s Road, and studied at the private girls’ school Roedean, in England. Her husband, Major Alistair McNeil-Wilson, passed away in June 2007.
Christine Spittel-Wilson Coming from a family of doctors, artists and writers, she was active as a writer and an artist until comparatively recently. She published her autobiography, “Christine”, in 2007, and gave an exhibition of her paintings and ceramic art in 2009.
She was the author of three novels (“The Bitter Berry”, “The Mountain Road”, and “I Am The Wings”), a biography of her father, Dr. R. L. Spittel, (“Surgeon of the Wilderness”), a cookery book (“Secrets of Eastern Cooking”), and a number of travel and assorted articles. She was a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society.
As a young woman, she accompanied her father into the jungles of Sri Lanka, to gain an understanding of the ancient ways of the Veddhas. In 2008, a delegation of Veddhas made a special trip to Colombo to pay tribute to her. The visit was covered by both TV and print media.
Mrs. Spittel-Wilson spent her childhood and early adult years at Wycherley, the family home on Old Buller’s Road, and studied at the private girls’ school Roedean, in England. Her husband, Major Alistair McNeil-Wilson, passed away in June 2007.
Coolies as Malabar’s
Throughout the coffee period Indian workers were described as “Malabar’s” or “coolies” or “malabars coolies”. The misuse of the word “Malabar” has been traced to the Portuguese who used it to refer not only to the people of the Malabar region of India, and the language they spoke, but also to the madras district and to those who spoke the Tamil language. The coffee workers were from the madras province with just “a few stragglers from bambay and a few dhangurs from Bengal”. According to I.M.Cumpston who adds that these categories were “superior in intelligence and activity to the Tamils.” In tracing the history of the word “Malabar”, M.D.Raghavan, an ethnologist, states that the Portuguese misuse of the word to apply to the Tamils was continued by the Dutch who ousted the Portuguese from the maritime areas of Ceylon in the mid-seventeenth century. The Dutch found that the Tamil in Jaffna in the northern province of Ceylon were similar In appearance to the Hindus of the Malabar coast of India and called them “the Malabar inhabitants of the province of Jaffna”. The Dutch codified the customary laws of Jaffna, and after the British had conquered Ceylon from the Dutch, they promulgated (by regulation 18 of 1806) that this code of customs known as the thesawalamai would apply in all lawsuits I which “the Malabar inhabitants of the province of Jaffna” were involved. The south Indian estate workers who spoke Tamil which was the language of the Northern Province also become known as malabars. In a further complication col. Colebrook not only described the Tamils of the northern province as malabars but also described Ceylon as an island which was “originally a Hindu province and from not having been subject to the inroads of the mahamedans, it offers at this day the most perfect example to be met with of the ancient system of Hindu government”. There were no newspapers in Ceylon when the codebook commission visited the island in the late 1820’s but in 1843 the observer which had commenced publication on 4 February 1834 (and is still published) states that not one of the sp-called Malabar coffee workers was from Malabar and that they were actually from tanjare, Madura, tinnevelly, etc. on the coramandel coast. The word Malabar” continued, however, to be applied not only to estate worker but also to the indigenous Tamils of the Northern Province much to their embarrassment. In a lecture at the royal Asiatic society in Colombo in the late 1880’s sir ponnambalam ramanathan, who represented the Ceylon Tamil in the legislative council from 1879 to 891, said the word Malabar had been used to describe Ceylon Tamils “who knew not that word even in dreams”.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)